196 CE - Caledonni Overrun A Large Part Of What Is Now England

by Iain MacAnTsaoir

During Hadrian's reign, the Caledonii, with help from the Brigantes launched an offensive. This forced the Romans to withdraw to the line established earlier by Agricola. Here they built Hadrians Wall on the line which stretched from Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne River. At a later time Antoninus Pius took the initiative and advanced his forces north, resecuring the lost area up to the Firth of Clyde. At that point the Romans built vallum Antonini (Wall of Antoninus). Around 40 years later, the northern tribes once again pressed south and and advanced to approximately what is now the southern border of Scotland. In 196 these tribes pressed again and overran a large swath of what is now England. They were only beaten back when Emperor Septimus Severus himself came to command the Roman forces. He, however, died shortly afterwards, afterwhich Roman power in Britain began to increasingly wane.

Sources:

The Battle For Gaul, Julius Caesar, David R. Godine Pub, (c)1980, ISBN 0-87923-306-0

The Celtic Empire, Peter Berresford Ellis, Carolina Acedemic Press, (c)1994,ISBN 0-89089-457-4

The World of the Celts, Simon James, Thames and Hudson Ltd., (c)1993, ISBN 0-500-0567-8

The Celts, Gerhard Herm, St. Martin's Press, (c)1977, ISBN 312-1205-7

The Celts, Jean Markale, Inner Traditions Intl, (c)1978, ISBN 0-89281-413-6

The Celtic World, Amanda Green, Routledge, (c)1995, ISBN 0-415-05764-7

Encyclopedia Brittanica15th Edition, Vol. 2, ISBN 0-85229-591X

History of the World, J.M. Roberts,Oxford Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-521043-3

prepared by Iain MacAnTsaoir

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